three flights, Apollo in 11 flights, the APDAs in one, Soyuz-Salyut in 43 flights. More frequently, use in flight is simultaneous with testing and use of the docking device. This imposes certain requirements not only on the construction and the creation program, but also on the organization and execution of flight testing. Domestic docking systems are constructed (see section 1.4.3 and 2.3.5) so that control is done in automatic mode and by commands from the control panel of the spacecraft and from Earth. The crew of the spacecraft are equipped with reference information in the form of on-board instructions, which contain sections on the detailed sequence of issued commands and other active actions, as well as ignition of the appropriate transparencies, which signal completion of the operations and the conditions of the system. As an example, Figure 7.1 shows a page of the on-board instructions on the execution of combined operations (docking and undocking) of the Soyuz and Apollo spacecraft. The instruction is used to prepare for and conduct Earth training of cosmonauts. Considering the experimental character of the operations done in orbit, the most important is the body of telemetric measurements and the organization of processing and use. The presence of telemetric data, as well as timely and high- quality processing of this data is a basic objective source of information which is used for 1) confirmation of the correctness of the execution of functions and operations; 2) determination of parameters and working conditions of constructions; 3) determination of possible deviations and failures in work and analysis of their causes. Tn domestic electromechanical docking devices and docking systems, the following groups of parameters are transmitted by telemetry (see also section 1.5): 1) displacement of shock absorbers, the rod of the docking mechanism with the drive, and, in a number of cases, the velocities of their displacement; 2) final positions of drives, mechanisms, hatches, pyrotechnics, etc.; 3) activation of sensors for contact, linkage of the docking assemblies, alignment of the joint, compression of the seal, separation during undocking, etc.; 4) the presence of power, the receiving and issuing of commands in the instruments of the docking system; 5) temperature of the structural elements. The first and last groups of parameters are measured in
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