which is of the same order as the one with two uplink frequencies situated symmetrically around the downlink frequency and is about 8° when the same values for f Nd.v and A/'are used as in the last section. We also note that in this simple design no extra components are required in the receiving circuitry. (ii) This is an improved version of the first design. It requires three uplink tones but it also greatly improves the accuracy in estimating the downlink phase </>D. The three frequencies are With A/ = 50 MHz and / A'd.v = 5 x 10'7 electrons/m2, this difference A</> is only about 0.5°, which is small. (iii) This version can be used in the event we would like to have an even smaller A</> or we would like to use a larger A/, which would otherwise result in a too large A</> even with a three-tone uplink design. These new specifications can be achieved at the expense of adding a fourth tone. The four frequencies are
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