would provide valuable evidence for validating and refining engineering models for invertebrates and higher animals. Because it is impossible to study all of the more than one million species of invertebrates, experiments should be conducted on representative species. A previous report (4) lists criteria by which invertebrates are priortized for study and describes experiments essential to provide an overview of possible effects of SPS frequency microwaves on invertebrates. The honey bee has been chosen for initial studies because [1] it is a flying invertebrate, thereby representing airborne invertebrates that cannot be excluded from rectennae, [2] it has a short life cycle so that many generations can be rapidly studied in a short time, [3] it has highly stereotyped behavioral patterns that can be quantified easily as an index of normal health, [4] it is known to be sensitive to some forms of electromagnetic energy, and [5] it is economically important because it is required to pollinate approximately one-third of the food produced in the United States. A honey bee colony nest is composed of vertically-oriented beeswax combs containing numerous cells used interchangeably for rearing young (brood) and storing food (pollen and honey). One reproductive female (queen) lays eggs in the comb cells. Nonreproductive females (workers) perform many other functions such as brood rearing, food collection and processing, and temperature control (34 ± 2 °C) in the brood area. Immature bees have distinct developmental stages of predictable duration. For example, three days after oviposition the eggs hatch, yielding larvae that develop rapidly until they are sealed in their cells with beeswax caps on the 8th day after oviposition. Larvae pupate on the 11th day and emerge as adult worker bees on approximately the 21st day. This report describes the behavior and brood development of an entire colony of honey bees during chronic exposure to microwave radiation at an exposure level (1 mW/cm2) anticipated near the edge of a rectenna. The exposure period (28 days) exceeds that required for the completion of one cycle of brood, thus exposing all developmental stages to microwave treatment. METHODS AND MATERIALS The microwave power supply and anechoic chambers utilized for this study were designed and constructed to simulate conditions anticipated within and surrounding the SPS rectennae. Power was conveyed from the 2.45 GHz continuous wave power supply (ripple < 2%) through waveguides to a 10 dB fixed attenuator (Omega model 922X1) and 0 to 40 dB variable attenuator (Omega model 162) into a Narda standard gain horn (model 644) oriented vertically at the top of the anechoic chamber. A Boonton power detector (model 41-4A) connected to a 50 dB cross guide coupler (Arra model 284-602-50-n) and to a Data Precision digital multimeter (model 1350) provided a continuous readout of power levels within the microwave exposure chamber. The power detector was calibrated with a Narda microwave meter (model 8611) and probe (model 8623) which had been calibrated against a custom-built three element orthogonal dipole probe (supplied by Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park) which was in turn calibrated against a reference probe at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards. Anechoic chambers (Fig. 1) used in this study were essentially rectangular plywood boxes (88 x 88 x 196 cm) lined with aluminum sheeting. A second interior box was constructed of microwave absorbing material (Emerson and Cuming HT-99
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