top and bottom colony chambers. However, in the egg treatment group, the microwave-treated frames were placed inadvertently in the bottom chamber four times rather than the usual three, thereby causing relatively higher survival of sham groups. Larval and pupal survival following microwave treatment are shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. Higher levels of post-treatment survival of bees in these stages, as compared with eggs, is not unusual. Most natural mortality occurs prior to the seventh day of development from such causes as low viability or cannibalism. Orthogonal comparisons corresponding to those conducted for the egg stage indicated no significant differences (0.10 level). Emergence of adult bees for all treatment groups occurred during the normal time span and no teratological effects were detected in the emerged adults or in pupae that died prior to emergence. Overall, no statistically significant differences were found in this study for any of the treatments. We conclude that short term exposures of immature stages of the honey bee to 2.45 GHz continuous wave microwaves at power densities from three to 50 mW/cm2 have no apparent effects. Acknowledgements — This research was supported by the Department of Energy through Argonne National Laboratory (contract numbers 31-109-38-4442 and 31-109-38-5066) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (contract number NAS2-9539). We thank J. Ali (EPA-Research Triangle Park) and J. McGrath (U.C. Davis) for engineering consultation; Shu Geng (U.C. Davis) for statistical consultation; S. Cobey. O. Kaftanoglu, K. Lorenzen, S. Molnar, and R. Page (U.C. Davis) for assisting with the research. REFERENCES 1. N. E. Gary and B. B. Westerdahl, in B. D. Newsom, ed. Research Plan for Study of Biological and Ecological Effects of the Solar Power Satellite Transmission System, NASA Contractor Report 3044, 1978. 2. F. A. Koomanoff and C. A. Sandahi, Status of the Satellite Power System Concept Development and Evaluation Program, Space Solar Power Rev. 1, 67-77, 1980. 3. K. Marha, J. Musil, and H. Tuha, Electromagnetic Fields and the Life Environment, San Francisco Press, California, 1971. 4. G. E. Fanslow, J. J. Tollefson, and J. C. Owens, Ovicidal Levels of 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Energy for the Southern Corn Rootworm. J. Microwave Power 10, 321-325, 1975. 5. T. Hirose, 1. Abe, M. Kohno, T. Suzuki, K. Oshima, and T. Okakura, The Use of Microwave Heating to Control Insects in Cigarette Manufacture, J. Microwave Power 10, 181-190, 1975. 6. G. W. Searle, R. W. Dahlen, C. J. Imig, C. C. Wunder, J. D. Thomson, J. A. Thomas, and W. J. Moressi, Effects of 2450 Microwaves in Dogs, Rats and Larvae of the Common Fruit Fly, in Proc. 4th Annu. Tri-Service Conf. Biol. Effects of Microwave Radiating Equipments: Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation, 1960. 7. D. Justesen et al., Compilation and Assessment of Microwave Bioeffects, Final Report; A Selective Review of the Literature on Biological Effects of Microwaves in Relation to the Satellite Power System (SPS), PNL-2634 (Rev.), Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 1978. 8. S. E. McGregor, Insect Pollination of Cultivated Crop Plants, USDA Agric. Handbook No. 496, 1976.
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