systems was based on a reliability model for SPS as shown in Fig. 2. These probability plots were developed using the information in Table 1 combined with a failure analysis of the rectenna system. These curves, however, are too complex to be used directly in current utility system reliability planning models. A simplified 5-state outage model was used in a parametric approach to determine the impact of SPS power on utility system reserve levels for various amounts of SPS penetration. The results of this investigation are shown in Fig. 3. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that if rf beam control is an acceptable method for power control, and that the site distribution of SPS rectennas do not cause a very high local penetration (409?—50%), SPS may be integrated into electric utility system with a few negative impacts. Increased regulating duty on the conventional generation, and a potential impact on system reliability for SPS penetration in excess of about 25% appear to be two areas of concern. Assessment of more detailed models and advanced design parameters for the SPS system must be done before it would be possible to investigate the SPS/utility system integration in more detail.
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