international law in conjunction with national law a guide or code of conduct for future development and utilization of solar energy for all mankind should be established. International law embodying guidance for future operations cannot be shaped in a vacuum but is dependent upon the interaction of other factors — scientific, technological, political, economic, and cultural. The U.N. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) and its two sub-committees have outstanding records of accomplishment in dealing with outer space situations, particularly when compared with other specialized categories of international law. Their decision making procedure goes by consensus, ensuring equality of all members and ultimate support of all represented on the committee. In case of solar satellites the International Telecommunications Union would take care to regulate the technical implications. The ITU has been known for its accomplishments based upon the reciprocity concepts of the different nation-members. The subject of solar energy satellites should be placed on the agendas of international organizations concerned with space activities for discussion and analysis. Effective studies and plans could be developed. It is quite evident that in regard to the special effects of solar satellites more study is necessary and I would like to finish these observations with the device of the University of Utrecht that in realizing legal rules on this subject “Sol iustitiae illustra nos.” REFERENCES 1. Ch. Okolie. Proceedings of the Twenty-First Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, 1978. p. 40 ff; Solar Energy Bank for Mankind in Contemporary International Space Law, Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, Münich, p. 20. 2. Mather v. London Guarantee and Accident Co., 125 Minn 186. 145 N.W. 963: also, in Continental Casualty Co. v. Clar, 70 Oki. 187, 173 P. 453, L.R.A. 1918 F._ 1007. 3. 275 N.Y. 182. 9 N.E. 2nd 828, 829. See Ch. Okolie. Twenty-First Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, Dubrovnik 1978. p. 40 ff. 4. W. von Kries, Institutional Issues in International Solar Energy Utilization, Proceedings of the 22nd International Space Law Colloquium, Münich 1979, p. 5 ff. 5. H.L. van Traa-Engelman. Some Observations on the Legal Implications Relating to the Use of Solar Energy. Proceedings of the Twenty-First Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, Dubrovnik, 1978, p. 73 ff. See for more information about legal aspects concerning solar energy: Okolie, Legal Norm Creation Concerning Solar Energy in Contemporary International Space Law; Rosenfield, Solar Energy and the Common Heritage of Mankind; Safavi, The Legal Aspect Concerning Solar Energy; Proceedings of the Twenty-First Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia 1978, pp. 40-77. 6. (a) Treaty on principles governing the activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies of 1967, entered into force on 10 October 1967. United Nations Treaty Series 1967, Vol. 610. p. 206 ff; (b) Agreement on the rescue of astronauts, the return of astronauts and the return of objects launched into outer space of 1968 entered into force 12 March 1968; (c) Convention on international liability for damage caused by space objects of 1971 entered into force on 19 September 1973; Id) Convention on registration of objects launched into outer space of 1975 entered into force on 15 September 1976; (e) Agreement concerning the activities of states on the moon and other celestial bodies of 1979. The first time that the legal problems of the solar satellites have been discussed was during the Eighteenth Colloquium on Outer Space, Lisbon. 1975, pp. 2-27. 7. 1967, 2, 610, U.N.T.S. (United Nations Treaty Series). 8. Genichi Akatani, U.N. Speech, Sun-Day Address, N.Y., May 3, 1978. 9. President Carter. Sun-Day Speech, The New York Times. May 4, 1978, p. 6. 10. The states were Brazil, Colombia, Congo, Ecuador, Indonesia, Kenya, Uganda, and Zaire. II. See for an extensive summarizing of the arguments pro and contra the study of S. Gorove, The geostationary orbit. Issues of Law and Policy, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 73, 1979. p. 444 ff and Gorbiel. Le statut international juridique de l'orbite geostationnaire, 1978. 12. See for the text of the Bogota Declaration N. Jasentuliyana and R.S.K. Lee, Manual on Space Law, two volumes, 1979 and K. Wiewidrowska, Problems of the Geostationary Orbit, XXI Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, Dubrovnik, 1978. 13. Doc. 1977, A/AC 105/203.
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