eral potentially serious SPS environmental impacts, no effects have yet been experimentally demonstrated. Furthermore, we cannot extrapolate the results of current ionospheric research to the SPS studies without also verifying the theoretical assumptions that those extrapolations are based on. All of these considerations have been incorporated into the DOE research program plan. In addition to directly measuring the environmental impacts of ionospheric HLLV emissions and SPS- equivalent ionospheric heating, this program is designed to determine the physics of the interactive mechanisms driving these effects. With this approach, the proposed ionospheric research will yield a thorough understanding of the environmental impacts associated with the solar power satellite construction and operation. REFERENCES 1. W. C. Brown, Satellite Power Stations: A New Source of Energy? IEEE Sped. 10, 38, 1973; P. E. Glaser, Solar Power from Satellites, Phys. Today 30, February 1977. 2. Satellite Power System (SPS) Concept Evaluation Program, Systems Definition Study, L. B. Johnson Space Center, January 25, 1978. 3. J. Zinn, C. D. Sutherland, S. N. Stone, L. M. Duncan, and R. A. Behnke, Ionospheric Effects of Rocket Exhaust Products—HEAO-C, Skylab, and HLLV, Los Alamos National Scientific Laboratory report LA-UR-80-1160, 1980 4. M. Mendillo, G. S. Hawkins, and J. A. Klobuchar, A Sudden Vanishing of the Ionospheric F-Region due to the Launch of Skylab, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 2217, 1975. 5. M. B. Pongratz, G. M. Smith, C. D. Sutherland, and J. Zinn, Lagopedo—Two F-Region Ionospheric Depletion Experiments, Proc. 1978 Symp. on the Effect of the Ionosphere on Space and Terrestrial Systems (EISTS), NRL/ONR paper 5-10, January 24-26, 1978. 6. G. E. Zasov, V. D. Karlov, T. Ye. Romanchuk, G. K. Solodovnikov, G. N. Tkachev, and M. G. Trukhan, Observations of Disturbances in the Lower Ionosphere during Soyuz-Apollo Experiments, Geomagn. Aeronomy 17, 234, 1977. 7. L. H. Holway and G. Meltz, Heating of the Lower Ionosphere by Powerful Radio Waves, J. Geophys. Res. 78, 8402, 1973. 8. F. W. Perkins and R. G. Robie, Ionospheric Heating by Radiowaves: Predictions for Arecibo and the Satellite Power Station, J. Geophys. Res. 83, 1611, 1978. 9. L. M. Duncan and J. Zinn, Ionosphere-Microwave Interactions for Solar Power Satellites, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory paper LA-UR-78-758, March 1978. 10. P. M. Banks and G. Kockarts, Aeronomy, Part A, Chap. 9 and Part B, Chap. 22, Academic Press, New York, 1973. 11. The National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center is operated by Cornell University under contract to the National Science Foundation. 12. J. Minkoff, Radio Frequency Scattering from a Heated Ionospheric Volume, 3, Cross-Section Calculations, Radio Sci. 9, 997, 1974; L. M. Duncan and W. E. Gordon, lonosphere/Microwave Beam Interaction Study, Final Report, Rice University NASA contract NAS9-I5212, September 1977. 13. R. Markson, Solar Modulation of Atmospheric Electrification and Possible Implications for the Sun-Weather Relationship, Nature 273, 103, 1978; G. C. Reid, J. B. McAfee, and P. J. Crutzen, Effects of Intense Stratospheric Ionization Events, Nature 275, 489, 1978. 14. F. W. Perkins and E. J. Valeo, Thermal Self-Focusing of Electromagnetic Waves in Plasmas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 32, 1234, 1974. 15. A. G. Litvak, Sov. Phys. JETP 30, 344, 1970. 16. F. W. Perkins, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 18, 1335, 1973. 17. F. W. Perkins and M. V. Goldman, Self-Focusing of Radio Waves in an Underdense Ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res. (submitted). 18. G. D. Thome and F. W. Perkins, Production of Ionospheric Striations by Self-Focusing of Intense Radio Waves, Phys. Rev. Lett. 32, 1238, 1974. 19. L. M. Duncan and R. A. Behnke, Observations of Self-Focusing Electromagnetic Waves in the Ionosphere, Phys. Rev. Lett. 41, 998, 1978; W. E. Gordon and L. M. Duncan, lonosphere/Microwave Beam Interaction Study, Final report, Rice University NASA contract NAS5-15212, July 1978. 20. B. L. Cragin and J. A. Fejer, Radio Sci. 9, 1071, 1974; B. L. Cragin, J. A. Fejer, and E. Leer, Radio Sci. 12, 273, 1977. 21. F. W. Perkins, A Theoretical Model for Short-Scale Field-Aligned Plasma Density Striations, Radio Sci. 9, 1065. 1974; M.-C. Lee and J. A. Fejer. Theory of Short-Scale Field-Aligned Density Striations Due to Ionospheric Heating, Radio Sci. 13, 893, 1978; V. V. Vaskov and A. V. Gurevich, Nonlinear Resonant Instability of a Plasma in the Field of an Ordinary Electromagnetic Wave, Sov. Phys. JETP 42, 91, 1975.
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