An HLLV launch would produce a large contrail in the mesosphere at about 85-km altitude, 10- to 20-km wide, and extending several hundred kilometers downrange. The contrail would persist for several hours. Repeated HLLV launches could lead to cumulative effects, which need to be investigated. Acknowledgement — The editor wishes to thank Michael Mendillo and Paul Bernhardt for reviewing this paper. REFERENCES 1. M. Mendillo, G.S. Hawkins and J.A. Klobuchar, “A Sudden Vanishing of the Ionospheric F Region Due to the Launch of Skylab,” J. Geophys. Res. 80, 2217-2228 (June 1975). 2. M. Mendillo, G.S. Hawkins and J.A. Klobuchar, “A Large Scale Hole in the Ionosphere Caused by the Launch of Skylab,” Science 187, 343 (1975a). 3. J.M. Forbes and M. Mendillo, “Diffusion Aspects of Ionospheric Modification by the Release of Highly Reactive Molecules into the F-Region,” J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 38, 1299-1307 (1976). 4. M. Mendillo and J.M. Forbes, “Artificially Created Holes in the Ionosphere,” J. Geophys. Res. 83, 151-162 (1978). 5. NASA, “Satellite Power System, Concept Development and Evaluation Program,” Reference System Report, US Department of Energy, DOE/ER-0023 (October 1978). 6. J. Zinn, C.D. Sutherland and M.B. Pongratz, "Effects of Rocket Exhaust Products in the Thermosphere and Ionosphere,” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA-7926-MS (July 1979). 7. H. Volland and H.G. Mayr, “A Numerical Study of Three-Dimensional Diurnal Variations within the Thermosphere,” Ann. Geophys. 29, 61-75 (1973). 8. J.M. Forbes and H.B. Garrett, “Solar Diurnal Tide in the Thermosphere,” J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 2226 (1976). 9. J.M. Forbes and H.B. Garrett, “Seasonal-Latitudinal Structure of the Diurnal Thermospheric Tide,” J. Atmos. Sci. 35, 148-159(1978). 10. H.B. Garrett and J.M. Forbes, “Tidal Structure of the Thermosphere at Equinox,” J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 40, 657-668 (1978). 11. R.G. Robie, R.E. Dickinson and E.C. Ridley, “Seasonal and Solar Cycle Variations of the Zonal Mean Circulation in the Thermosphere,” J. Geophys. Res. 82, 5493-5504 (1977). 12. R.M. Harper, “A Semidiurnal Tide in the Meridional Wind at F-Region Heights at Low Latitudes,” J. Geophys. Res. 84, 411-415 (1979). 13. Paul A. Bernhardt, “The Response of the Ionosphere to the Injection of Chemically Reactive Vapors,” Stanford Electronics Laboratories Technical Report No. 17 (SEL-76-009) (May 1976). 14. Paul A. Bernhardt, private communication (July 1979). 15. R.C. Molander and H.G. Wolfhard, “Explanation of Large Apollo-8 (J-2) Rocket Plume Observed during Trans-Lunar Injection,” Institute for Defense Analysis Note N-610, IDA Log #HQ 69-9734 (February 1969). 16. M.B. Pongratz, G.M. Smith, C.D. Sutherland and J. Zinn, “LAGOPEDO — Two F-Region Ionospheric Depletion Experiments,” presented at American Geophysical Union 1978 Spring Meeting, Miami, FL (March 1978). 17. P.M. Banks and G. Kockarts, Aeronomy, Chapt. 19. Academic Press, New York, 1973. 18. R.M. Harper, unpublished work, 1979. 19. P. Amayenc, “Tidal Oscillations of the Meridional Neutral Wind at Midlatitudes,” Radio Sci. 9, 281-293 (1974). 20. R.M. Harper, private communication, 1979. APPENDIX A. CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL IONOSPHERIC MODEL Table A-I is a computer listing of the most important chemical reactions and rate parameters used in the two-dimensional code. They are a computer-selected subset of the 277 reactions actually implemented in the code. The chemical reaction rate coefficients (excluding photochemical rates) are expressed in the form k=A(T/300)Bexp(-C/T) The parameters A, B, and C are tabulated for each reaction. For reactions involving only neutral molecules, the neutral temperature is used. If the reactants include electrons, the electron temperature is used. If the reactants include ions but not electrons, the ion temperature is used. Bibliographic references for the rate data are indicated in the last column. “Reverse” means that we have computed the rate coefficient using the computed thermodynamic equilibrium constant combined with the measured rate of the reverse reaction.
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