for the improvement of the human condition everywhere on Earth. We further recommend that the nations of the Earth consider and, if they so choose, adopt the following ideas as working principles: A. That the United Nations should vigorously press for the adoption of legal principles by which the resources beyond the biosphere of the Earth can be used as soon as possible, in a manner to relieve human suffering and to speed economic development in the developing nations. The United Nations may wish to consider making it a condition for the legal use of non-terrestrial resources that some portion of production be turned over to the ownership, or for the use, of developing countries. Care should be taken not to summarily ban private companies from activities in space, as such a course may seriously delay any benefits from space to every nation on Earth. B. That all nations should recognize the opportunity presented by the development of the resources beyond the biosphere. Use of these resources peacefully and cooperatively will constitute a triumph of the human spirit, an extraordinary human adventure, and a transition without parallel in human history. With this recognition, it should be an urgent goal to establish first the study and then, if proven feasible, an actual space program to use those resources as a peaceful, cooperative, and international program under the auspices of the United Nations or some other suitable international organization. At the present time, we would strongly suggest consideration of Solar Power Satellites as an important candidate for study. C. That the developing nations should take an active part in research directed at the utilization, as soon as possible, of the virtually unlimited resources of energy and materials now known to be available beyond the biosphere. It appears to us that such an active role can be played most effectively by research within each developing country by its own nationals. Much of that research would have potential for immediate useful applications within developing countries. (For example, the development of closed-system agriculture under controlled conditions could lead to practical methods for intensive controlled-environment agriculture at the village level, allowing increased food supplies, protection of drinking water from contamination, and reduced needs for urbanization or the rapid development of a transportation infrastructure. Such research could also point the way for the manufacture in space of new construction materials suitable for use in developing countries for housing, water supply, and light industry.) D. Since the development of resources beyond the biosphere will profoundly alter our human outlook, opening for the first time the possibility that new territory can be constructed out of abundant unused resources rather than obtained by conquest, that men and women representing every nation on Earth work actively in any such program from the earliest practical moment, in space as well as on Earth. E. That renewed efforts be made by the United Nations to ban offensive weapons from space, especially high-orbital space and all celestial bodies. Ideally, all space from high Earth orbits outward should be preserved as non-military regions free of all weapons, military installations of any kind, and military spacecraft whether manned or unmanned. Realistically, however, recognizing the positive contribution that certain military satellites (reconnaissance and surveillance satellites in particular) have made to international stability, and the possibility of future defensive systems in orbit reducing the risk of nuclear
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