Microwave Power Transmission Studies Vol4 of 4

Cover	1
Title Page	3
Table of Contents (Vol IV - Sections 9 through 14 with Appendices H through K)	11
Section 9 Reveiving Antenna	22
9.1 Microwave Rectifier Technology	22
9.2 Antenna Approaches	30
9.3 Topology of Rectenna Circuits	35
9.4 Assembly and Construction	42
9.5 ROM Cost Estimates	42
9.6 Power Interface Estimates	46
9.6.1 Inverter System	51
9.6.2 Power Distribution Costs	51
9.6.3 System Cost	52
9.7 Conclusions and Recommendations	52
References (Section 9)	53
Section 10 Frequency Interference And Allocation	56
10.1 Noise Considerations	58
10.1.1 Amplitron	58
10.1.2 Klystron	59
10.1.3 Interference Limits and Evaluation	61
10.2 Harmonic Considerations	61
10.3 Conclusions and Recommendations	67
Section 11 Risk Assessment	68
11.1 Technology Risk Rating and Ranking	68
11.2 Technology Assessment Conclusions and Recommendations	83
Section 12 System Analysis And Evaluation	86
12.1 System Geometry	86
12.2 Parametric Studies	88
12.2.1 System Relationships	88
12.2.2 Efficiency, Weight and Cost	93
12.2.3 Converter Packing	97
12.2.4 Capital Cost Vs Power and Frequency Results	98
12.2.5 Ground Power Density and Power Level Selection	104
12.2.6 Frequency Selection	107
12.2.7 Characteristics of 5 GW and 10 GW Systems	107
12.2.8 Energy Cost	121
12.3 Final System Estimates	126
12.3.1 Cost and Weight	126
12.3.2 Efficiency Budget	128
12.3.3 Capital Cost and Sizing Analyses	130
12.4 Conclusions and Recommendations	130
Section 13 Critical Technology And Ground Test Program	134
13.1 General Objectives	134
13.2 Detailed Ground Test Objectives	135
13.3 Implementation - Ground Test	136
13.3.1 Summary	136
13.3.2 Phase I	138
13.3.3 Phase II	138
13.3.4 Phase III	142
13.3.5 Alternate Phase I Converter Implementation	144
13.4 Critical Technology Development	147
13.4.1 Amplitron	147
13.4.2 Klystron	147
13.4.3 Phase Control	147
13.5 Schedule and Cost	148
13.6 Conclusions and Recommendations	150
Section 14. Critical Technology And Orbital Program	152
14.1 Orbital Test Objectives	152
14.2 Implementation	154
14.2.1 Geosatellite (Mission 1)	155
14.2.2 Shuttle Sorties (Missions 2 through 11)	155
14.2.3 Orbital Test Facility	174
14.3 Cost and Schedule	176
14.4 Conclusions and Recommendations	181
Appendix H: Estimated Annual Operations And Maintenance Cost	182
Appendix I: Annual Operations And Maintenance Cost	184
Appendix J: System Analysis Examples	186
J.1 Introductory Analysis of Initial Operational System With Minimum Size Transmitting Antenna	186
J.2 Analysis of the Final Operational System and Their Goals	195
J.3 Analysis of the Initial Operational System Based On the Final System Configuration	206
J.4 Weight and Cost Analysis for the Initial and Final Operational Systems	208
J.5 Energy Cost	212
Appendix K: Details Of Ground And Orbital Test Program	220
K.1 Introduction	220
K.2 Objectives Implementation Equipment and Characteristics	220
K.3 Implementation of Objectives H2, H2, DI and D2 Using Low Earth Orbit Sortie Missions	222
K.4 Defining an MPTS Orbital Test Facility Program	232
K.4.1 Assumptions	232
K.4.2 Sizing the Phased Array Antennas	233
List of Illustrations	15
Figure 9-1. Microwave Rectifier Device Technology	24
Figure 9-2. Chronology of Collection and Rectification of Microwave Power	26
Figure 9-3. Major Rectenna Development Programs	27
Figure 9-4. Simplified Electrical Schematic for the Rectenna Element	28
Figure 9-5. Rectenna Element Efficiency Vs Frequency	29
9-6 Comparison of Antenna Approaches in Meeting Requirements for Reception and Rectification in Space-to-Earth Power Transmission 9-U	15
Figure 9-7. DC Power from Center and Edge Rectenna Elements as Function of Rectenna Dia and Total dc Power Received	33
Figure 9-8. Rectenna Element Efficiency as Function of Microwave Power Input	34
Figure 9-9 Microwave Losses in an Optimally Designed Diode as a Function of Input Power Level for a Microwave Impedance Level of 120 Ohms	36
Figure 9-10. Losses at Low Values of Microwave Power Input	37
Figure 9-11. Schematic Arrangement of Rectenna	38
Figure 9-12. Full-Wave Configuration	40
Figure 9-13. Bridge-Rectifier Configuration	40
Figure 9-14. Full-Wave and Bridge-Rectifier Configurations in Relationship to Wave Filter Terminals	40
Figure 9-15. Pseudo Full-Wave Two-Conductor Rectifier	41
Figure 9-16. Rectenna Construction	43
Figure 9-17. Rectenna Elements	44
Figure 9-18. Approach to Environmental Protection of Rectenna Elements	45
Figure 9-19. Industry Accumulated Production Experience (Billions of Units)	47
Figure 9-20. High Speed Rectenna Production	48
Figure 9-21. Basic Rectenna Distribution Layout	49
Figure 9-22. Estimated dc-ac Interface Losses	50
Figure 9-23. Inverter Unit Cost Derivation	51
Figure 9-24. Power Distribution ROM System Cost	51
Figure 9-25. Total Power Interface ROM Cost	52
Figure 10-1. RF Spectrum Utilization	57
Figure 10-2. Estimated Noise Power Density at Earth	60
Figure 10-3. MPTS Ground Power Densities for Harmonics	66
Figure 11-1. Technology and Hardware Development Risk Rating Definition	68
Figure 11-2. Satellite Power System Technology Risk Assessment	69
Figure 12-1. MPTS Geometry	87
Figure 12-2. MPTS Functional Diagram	89
Figure 12-3. Beam Efficiencies (ng) for Truncated Gaussian Tapers	92
Figure 12-4. MPTS Efficiency (n) vs Frequency for Parametric Studies	95
Figure 12-5. Parametric Study Specific Costs and Weights	96
Figure 12-6. SPS Capital Cost vs Frequency - 300 $/kg	99
Figure 12-7. SPS Capital Cost vs Frequency - 100 $/kg	99
Figure 12-8. Transmitting Antenna Diameter for Lowest Cost SPS	100
Figure 12-9. Receiving Antenna Minor Axis for Lowest Cost SPS	101
Figure 12-10. Transmitting Antenna Diameter for Lowest Cost SPS (300 $/kg, 500 $/kW)	102
Figure 12-11. Receiving Antenna Minor Axis for Lowest Cost SPS (300 $/kg, 500 $/kW)	103
Figure 12-12. SPS Capital Cost for Klystron Configurations	105
Figure 12-13. Peak Ground Power Density vs Frequency	106
Figure 12-14. Receiving Antenna Size vs Beam Efficiency and Taper	108
Figure 12-15. Transmitting Antenna Size Vs Beam Efficiency and Taper	109
Figure 12-16. Peak Ground Power Density vs Beam Efficiency and Taper	110
Figure 12-17. Cost Matrix - 5 GW - Case LMM	112
Figure 12-18. Cost Matrix - 5 GW - Case MMM	113
Figure 12-19. Cost Matrix - 5 GW - Case LLH	114
Figure 12-20. Cost Matrix - 5 GW - Case HHL	115
Figure 12-21. Cost Matrix - 10 GW - Case LMM	116
Figure 12-22. Cost Matrix - 10 GW - Case MMM	117
Figure 12-23. Cost Matrix - 10 GW - Case LLH	118
Figure 12-24. Cost Matrix - 10 GW - Case HHL	119
Figure 12-25. Amplitron-Aluminum MPTS Comparison	120
Figure 12-26. Comparison of 5 GW Systems	120
Figure 12-27. SPS Capital Cost for Various Power Source Characteristics	125
Figure 12-28. SPS Energy Cost for Various Power Source Characteristics	125
Figure 12-29. SPS Energy Cost for Various Rates of Return	125
Figure 12-30. SPS Energy Cost for Various Construction Cycles	125
Figure 12-31. MPTS Cost Matrix	127
Figure 12-32. MPTS Efficiency Budget	129
Figure 12-33. Summary of Initial and Final Operational System Characteristics	131
Figure 13-1. MPTS Ground Test Functional Block Diagram	137
Figure 13-2. Instrumentation System Block Diagram	139
Figure 13-3. Ground Test Program Array Characteristics	140
Figure 13-4. Phase II Subarray - 2 x 2M - 40 kW	141
Figure 13-5. Received Power Density	142
figure 13-6. Candidate Location for Phase III Demonstration	143
Figure 13-7. Phase III Rectenna	144
Figure 13-8, Phase III Received Power	145
Figure 13-9. MPTS Ground Test Siting Profile Phase III - Goldstone	146
Figure 13-10. Technology Development and Ground Test System Schedule	149
Figure 14-1. Microwave Orbital Program	156
Figure 14-2. Geosatellite Concept	157
Figure 14-3. Five Kilowatt Geosatellite Payload	157
Figure 14-4. Geosatellite Weight Estimate and Predicted Interim Upper Stagv Performance and IUS Performance Estimate	158
Figure 14-5, Mission Schedule	159
Figure 14-6(a). Mission 2 - Structural Fabrication Technology	161
Figure 14-6(b). Mission 2 - Test Matrix	161
Figure 14-7(a). Mission 3 - Joint and Fastener Technology-	163
Figure 14-7(b). Mission 3 - Test Matrix	163
Figure 14-8(a). Mission 4 - Waveguide Fabrication Technology Sortie	165
Figure 14-8(b). Mission 4 - Test Matrix	165
Figure 14-9(a). Mission 5 - Electronics Integration	166
Figure 14-9(b). Mission 5 - Test Matrix	166
Figure 14-10(a). Mission 6 - Subassembly Build-Up	168
Figure 14-10(b). Mission 6A - Test Matrix	168
Figure 14-ll(a). Mission 7 - Rotary Joint Assembly	169
Figure 14-11(b). Mission 7 - Test Matrix	169
Figure 14-12(a). Mission 8 - Antenna to Rotary Joint Interface	171
Figure 14-12(b). Mission 8 Test Matrix	171
Figure 14-13(a)» Mission 9 - Central Mast Assembly and Integration Test	172
Figure 14-13(b). Mission 9 - Test Matrix (Conducting Mast Assembly)	172
Figure 14-14. Mission 11 - Test Matrix	175
Figure 14-15. OTF Antenna	175
Figure 14-16. OTF Power Densities	176
Figure 14-17 MPTS Orbital Test Program ROM Costs(Rough Order of Magnitude in Millions of 1975 Dollars)(Page 1 of 2)	178
Figure 14-18. Critical Technology Schedule	180
Figure 14-19. MPTS Orbital Test Program ROM Cost Summary (Rough Order of Magnitude in Millions of 1975 Dollars)	180
J-1 Total Cost Summary Format	187
J-2 Total Cost Summary - Initial Operational Systems With Minimum A(T)	189
J-3 Total Cost Summary - Operational System (Goal)	196
Figure J-4 Total Cost Summary - Initial Operational System Using	207
Figure J-5. Summary of Initial and Final Operational System Characteristics	214
Figure J-6. Capital Cost to Energy Cost Conversion versus Rate of Return	215
Figure J-7. SPS Capital Cost/ Transportation Cost for Various Power Source Characteristics	216
Figure J-8. SPS Energy Cost/Transportation Cost for Various Power Source Characteristics	217
Figure J-9. SPS Energy Cost/Transportation Cost for Various Rates of Return	218
Figure J-10. SPS Energy Cost/Transportation Cost for Various Construction Cycles	219
Figure K-l. Summary of Ground Test Objectives/Implementation	221
Figure K-2. Ionospheric Effects	223
Figure K-3. Utilization of Arecibo to Accomplish Ionosphere Test Requirements	223
Figure K-4. Ionosphere Test Requirements for F Layer	223
Figure K-5 . Power Subarray Assembly Options for Meaningful Orbital Tests	224
Figure K-6. Recommended Microwave Payload Assemblies Build-Up	224
Figure K-7 Critical Technology Required for Defined Microwave Power Ground and Orbital Test Program (Sheet 1 of 5)	225
Figure K- 8. Configurations to be Investigated on Orbit (Subarray and Below)	230
Figure K-9. Development Configuration (Subarray and Below Incorporating Control and Support Equipment)	231
Figure K-10. Large Array and Subarray Sizes for Cost. Inertia and Performance Estimation Purposes	235
Figure K- 11 Array Flight Test Hardware	241
Figure K-12. Summary of Altitude Range and Associated Power Densities	242
List of Non-Standard Terms	20

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