1.2.4 Technology Development and Test Programs 1-16 1.2.4.1 Technology Development and Ground Test Program 1-16 1.2.4.2 Technology Development and Orbital Test Program 1-16 1.2.5 Additional Studies 1-17 1.3 Report Approach and Organization 1-17 2. ORGANIZATION AND APPROACH 2.1 Organization 2-1 2.2 Approach 2-3 3. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS - PROPAGATION 3.1 Introduction 3- 1 3.2 Atmospheric Attenuation and Scattering 3-2 3.2.1 Molecular Absorption 3-2 3.2.2 Scattering and Absorption by Hydrometeors 3-4 3.3 Ionosphere Propagation 3-12 3.3. 1 Ambient Refraction 3-12 3.3. 2 Scintillations Due to Ambient Fluctuations and Self-Focusing Instabilities 3-13 3.4 Ionospheric Modification By High Power Irradiation 3-19 3.5 Faraday Rotation Effects 3-21 3.5.1 Introduction 3-21 3.5.2 Diurnal and Seasonal Changes 3-21 3.5.3 Midlatitude Geomagnetic Storms 3-22 3.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 3-24 4. DC-RF CONVERSION 4.1 Amplitron 4- 1 4.1.1 RF Circuit 4-2 4.1.2 Pyrolytic Graphite Radiator 4-4 4.1.3 Magnetic Circuit 4-4 4.1.4 Controlling the Output of Amplitrons 4-5 4.1.5 Weight 4-5
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