1.2.4 Technology Development and Test Programs 1-16 1. 2. 4. 1 Technology Development and Ground Test Program 1-16 1. 2. 4. 2 Technology Development and Orbital Test Program 1-16 1.2.5 Additional Studies 1-17 1. 3 Report Approach and Organization 1-17 2. ORGANIZATION AND APPROACH 2.1 Organization 2-1 2.2 Approach 2-3 3. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS - PROPAGATION 3. 1 Introduction 3- 1 3. 2 Atmospheric Attenuation and Scattering 3-2 3. 2. 1 Molecular Absorption 3-2 3. 2. 2 Scattering and Absorption by Hydrometeors 3-4 3.3 Ionosphere Propagation 3-12 3.3.1 Ambient Refraction 3-12 3. 3. 2 Scintillations Due to Ambient Fluctuations and Self-Focusing Instabilities 3-13 3.4 Ionospheric Modification By High Power Irradiation 3-19 3. 5 Faraday Rotation Effects 3-21 3.5.1 Introduction 3-21 3. 5. 2 Diurnal and Seasonal Changes 3-21 3. 5. 3 Midlatitude Geomagnetic Storms 3-22 3. 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 3-24 4. DC-RF CONVERSION 4.1 Amplitron 4-1 4. 1. 1 RF Circuit 4-2 4. 1.2 Pyrolytic Graphite Radiator 4-4 4. 1. 3 Magnetic Circuit 4-4 4. 1.4 Controlling the Output of Amplitrons 4-5 4.1.5 Weight 4-5
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